KRITIS 與 NIS2：關鍵基礎設施的安全防護

The KRITIS umbrella law creates the legal framework for the protection of critical infrastructures in Germany. The focus here is on physical security and considers all conceivable risks that can arise from technical failures or targeted attacks.

The law first specifies which sectors and industries are considered critical infrastructures, such as energy, water, transport, health, information technology and telecommunications. For these areas, the KRITIS umbrella law defines minimum standards and protection requirements that operators must meet in order to ensure functionality in the event of a crisis.

In addition, the law regulates reporting obligations: operators of critical infrastructures are obliged to report disruptions and failures that can lead to significant supply bottlenecks to the competent authorities.

Last but not least, the law also provides for sanctions for violations of the protection requirements, for example in the form of fines. Overall, the KRITIS umbrella law aims to better protect Germany's vital infrastructures from failures, disruptions and attacks and thus ensure the security of supply for the population.

The Network and Information Security Directive 2 (NIS2) is a revised EU directive that was adopted in 2022. It aims to strengthen cybersecurity measures in companies and public institutions within the EU, with the aim of increasing the resilience and security requirements of critical infrastructures and key companies in order to better protect themselves against cyberattacks.

The NIS2 Implementation Act (NIS2-UmsuCG) transposes the requirements of the NIS2 Directive into national law and specifies which companies and institutions must comply with these requirements. It also determines the security measures that must be taken to improve cybersecurity. These requirements are to be applied in particular in critical infrastructures, essential and important sectors in order to be better equipped against risks and threats to the digital infrastructure.

Need help meeting the requirements of the NIS2 Directive? A gap assessment helps to identify possible security gaps and helps to meet legal requirements such as NIS 2 or KRITIS.

The new EU directive NIS2 supplements the KRITIS umbrella law and is implemented by the NIS2 Implementation Act. While the German law focuses primarily on classic critical infrastructures such as energy, water or transport, the EU directive NIS2 goes much further.

Basically, it can be said that KRITIS operators must always comply with the NIS2 Directive. However, it is not only the traditional critical sectors that are covered by the new EU-wide control system, but also a large number of other companies and service providers that are defined as "essential" or "important" entities. These include, for example, drinking water and wastewater supply, food production, the computer and electronics industry or the automotive industry.

原本規劃這兩項法案皆會於 2024 年 10 月中旬生效。KRITIS 架構法案的草案已於 2024 年 11 月 6 日由德國聯邦內閣通過，接下來的立法程序將於 2025 年初在聯邦議院及聯邦參議院進行。NIS2 施行法的情況也相近：目前預計該法將於 2025 年初生效。確切日期尚未最終敲定，因為相關各方之間的協調作業仍在進行中。一旦確定了具體的生效日期，聯邦政府將會正式公佈。

Hospitals are generally part of the KRITIS if they reach or exceed the threshold values provided for them or/and also meet other parameters. More details can only be said after the final adoption of the law, as the information so far is based on the published draft bills. The level of care, i.e. the importance of a service for care, must be determined on the basis of industry-specific thresholds. This applies to all services that are classified as critical.

Within the framework of the KRITIS umbrella law and the NIS2 Directive, a so-called effectiveness test must be carried out. What is checked?

During the effectiveness test, the current safety status is assessed and compared with the situation before the measures were implemented. It is checked whether the defined protection objective has been achieved by the defined protective and defensive measures.

The objective of the effectiveness test is to ensure that all affected organisations – regardless of whether they belong to KRITIS or NIS2 – have adequately implemented their security measures.

An "attack" includes acts of sabotage that affect physical security. Social engineering, i.e. the targeted attempt at manipulation to obtain confidential information, should be prevented by measures such as education and training on data security within companies. If an attack on the IT infrastructure is carried out based on information from social engineering, the potentially significant impact must also be repo

The effectiveness test evaluates the current security status and compares it with the status prior to the implementation of the measures. It checks whether the specified protection goal has been achieved by the defined protection and defense measures. The aim of the effectiveness test is to ensure that all affected organizations—regardless of whether they belong to KRITIS or NIS2—have implemented their security measures appropriately.

NIS2 sets out a minimum list of administrative sanctions that Member States can impose for breaches of cybersecurity risk management and reporting obligations. These include binding instructions, orders to implement the recommendations of a security audit, orders to align cybersecurity measures with NIS2 requirements, and administrative sanctions.

For "essential entities" that do not comply with the rules, member states must impose fines of at least €10,000,000 or 2 percent of their total annual global turnover – whichever is greater. For "essential companies", Member States must provide for fines of at least €7,000,000 or at least 1.4% of their total annual global turnover, whichever is higher.

BSI certification by the Federal Office for Information Security in Germany ensures that IT products and processes meet certain security standards. In the context of the KRITIS Umbrella Act and the NIS2 Directive, BSI certification plays an important role, as it ensures compliance with cybersecurity standards for operators of critical infrastructures and essential services. For companies that are part of critical infrastructures, BSI certification can be important proof of compliance with legal and regulatory security requirements.

The NIS2UmsuCG sets out the requirements, which are defined by the government by law. It "only" describes the goal that must be achieved – but not how this goal is to be implemented in concrete terms. Therefore, the law does not contain any prescribed solutions. ISO 27001:2022 provides general requirements for information security management systems

(ISMS) that are applicable to any type of organization. It can therefore serve as a possible approach and tool to meet the legal requirements.

The Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) is the first European regulation to set cybersecurity requirements for both connected and non-connected products. The prerequisite is that the products have an interface. The regulation came into force on December 10, 2024. Initial reporting obligations must be fulfilled from 11 September 2026, while the CRA will apply in full from 11 December 2027. Manufacturers of hardware and software products are particularly affected, as they have to prove that their systems meet the specified requirements.

The Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK) is a German federal agency responsible for civil protection and disaster control. Its tasks include the preparation and coordination of measures to protect and support the population in the event of major dangerous situations and disasters.

For KRITS and NIS2, the BBK is important because it deals with the resilience and protection of critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructures are essential for the functioning of society and the economy, and their disruption can have serious consequences. The BBK works to make these infrastructures more resilient to threats and attacks by developing security strategies.