White papers for protection and automation

This white paper focuses on practical transition strategies for power utilities to evolve from conventional substations, process bus-based digital substations, and greenfield projects toward a virtualized architecture.

Virtualization has emerged as a practical approach to this challenge. By decoupling protection and control functions from dedicated hardware, these applications can run as software on shared, substation‑grade computing hardware.

This white paper examines standardized design methodologies for digital substations, including Typical-Based Engineering, naming conventions, Top-Down Engineering, and model-based Factory and Site Acceptance Testing (FAT/SAT).

This paper explores the benefit of digital substations with process bus over a conventional substation without process bus.

The paper provides a comparative review of the IEC 61850-9-2 and IEC 61869-9 standards, critical in the design and implementation of process bus technology.

This paper aims to discuss the implementation of IEC-61869 technology in utility substations to consolidate field measurements and transmit them to a centralized protection relay.

This paper discusses the Current Waveform Analysis (CWA) algorithm introduced for transformer differential applications.

The Point-on-Wave switching function is used to reduce increased electrodynamic and dielectric loads which are caused by non-optimal switching of circuit breakers in the network.

This paper presents a sampling frequency tracking principle that is effective from 10 Hz to 90 Hz.

The paper introduces impedance-based protection (21C) as a potential improvement over traditional voltage differential protection (87V) for shunt capacitor banks.