The PSS®SINCAL core modules include:

The power flow (PF) module offers the user fast and robust methods for calculating the load flow/power flow in electrical networks, considering a high modeling depth for elements and controlled elements.

The short circuit calculation (SC) module lets you calculate short circuits according to procedures and standards. The calculation and its results are then available for use by other modules.

The harmonic contingency (OB) module calculates frequency responses for both static and combinatorial network configurations and evaluates harmonic distribution limits. It also includes built-in functionality to support harmonic filter design.

The stability (RMS) (ST) module on the PSS®SINCAL platform uses the PSS®NETOMAC dynamics engine to support both basic and advanced stability analysis. It provides precise dynamic models, flexible system modeling and integration with other applications, including the SIGUARD® product family.

The electromagnetic transients (EMT) module uses the PSS®NETOMAC transient engine to perform basic applications within PSS®SINCAL GUI, as well as in expert mode (ExpMode) for advanced calculations. It supports precise dynamic equipment models, flexible system modeling and advanced simulation control.

The overcurrent time protection simulation (OC) module simulates protection device behavior during network fault events. It enables analysis of protection performance and validation of protection settings, supporting overcurrent relays, fuses, low-voltage circuit breakers, reclosures, bimetals, miniature circuit breakers and earth fault detection devices.

The extended protection simulation (SZ) module extends the functionality of the overcurrent time protection simulation (OC) module to support distance protection, differential protection, voltage protection and frequency protection device types. Additional analysis options are available, such as calculation and display of the reach of protection devices.

The distance protection setting calculation (DI) module enables automated calculation of zone settings for distance protection devices. Depending on the selected setting strategy, it considers intermediate infeed and parallel follow-up lines that change the reach of the protection devices.

The protection analysis (PSA) module performs an automated check of the setting values of all network protection systems by calculating fault events in the entire network. As a result, it visualizes weak points in network protection, allowing the detection of incorrect settings and faulty protection concepts.

The fuse dimensioning (DN) module checks the dimensioning of fuses in meshed and radial low-voltage networks regarding:

• Load current
• Safety factor (k factor)
• Maximum switch off time (VDE 0100-410)
• Conductor cross section (VDE 0636)
• Thermal destruction
• Thermal load (VDE 0636)

The arc flash analysis (AFH) module enables the calculation of arc flash energy and other parameters and supports the user in optimizing existing equipment.

The thermal destruction analysis (TDA) module performs an automated check for thermal destruction for all lines, transformers, busbars and breakers in the network. It supports both predefined maximum fault-duration analysis and protection-based evaluation using actual protection tripping behavior.

The time series and operating point calculation (LP) module enables network simulation in user-defined time periods and resolutions as well as operating points calculation based on the extensive methods for modeling and calculating a power flow.

The network development (LD) module, based on the extensive methods for modeling and calculating power flow, allows the calculation of a network at selected times in the medium- or long-term period which is considered for the target network planning.

The load trimming and determination of optimum transformer tap positions (LA) module makes it possible to scale and trim load input data. Trimming can also determine an optimized transformer tap position based on the minimum and maximum voltage values.

The load flow optimization (OL) module evaluates and enhances network performance by adjusting controllable variables such as generator voltages, reactive power and transformer tap settings.

The economic efficiency calculation (CC) module assesses network development options by analyzing investment, operation and shutdown costs over defined planning periods. It supports decision-making using net present value analysis and can incorporate loss, generation and consumption costs from power flow results.

The motor start-up (MA) module, based on the quasi-dynamic power flow calculation, evaluates simultaneous or sequential motor start-ups and the associated network loads. It compares motor and load characteristics, supports customizable and NEMA-standard curves and models star/delta starting behavior.

The multiple fault calculation (MF) module allows you to combine individually defined fault observations into multiple faults, calculate them simultaneously and observe their effects.

The time series data interface (TSDI) module offers an interface to an open generic time series database for all calculation methods based on time stamps or snapshots.

The contingency analysis and resupply (CA) module automatically simulates the malfunction of equipment in the network and evaluates the network status during these malfunctions. It also analyzes remedial measures in the contingency analysis if required.

The probabilistic reliability analysis (ZU) module is a significant extension of the contingency analysis and resupply (CA) module and enables the calculation of reliability indicators based on the topological and electrical network model, probabilistic failure models and operating behavior of components.

The maximum hosting capacity (ICA) module automatically determines the largest power value of a decentral energy resources (DER) or new load that can be connected at any network node without violating technical limitations. It guides users step by step through setup and calculation.

The network stress test (NST) module analyzes how increasing loads and decentral energy resources (DER) in the supply area affect network capacity. Using probabilistic simulations, it evaluates penetration levels, identifiescritical configurations and highlights voltage and loading limit violations.

The energy storage placement (ES) module enables the design and placement of storage systems in the network with a two-stage interactive concept.

The verifying of the connection conditions as a (EEG) module offers a separate screen form for the individual steps of a connection check. It has a step-by-step guide through the data input of the DER system, the selection of the process and analysis area and the definition of the respective limit values as well as the execution of the calculation and evaluation of the results.

The optimal network structures (ON) module determines the most efficient medium-voltage network configuration. It evaluates possible connections between power sources and loads using a station-and-route model based on loop and feeder operating concepts.

The optimal branching (OT) module identifies ideal tie open points in meshed networks to create radial configurations with minimal system losses. It automatically updates switch positions, considers topology changes and helps optimize network separation between supply areas and transformers.

The compensation optimization (CO) module determines optimal placement and sizing of reactive power compensation equipment. It reduces losses, improves voltage stability, lowers equipment loading and evaluates cost savings and return on investment from capacitor installation.

The module volt/var optimization (VVO) module controls voltage levels and power factor in radial feeders. It optimizes transformer settings and capacitor placement to reduce reactive power, minimize losses and maintainvoltage within defined limits under varying load conditions.

The load balancing (LB) module optimizes connections for single- and two-phase connected loads in asymmetrical networks. It identifies configurations that reduce system imbalance and improve power flow, allowing users to apply recommended phase adjustments.

The multi-user master database (PM) module enables you to work on a network model that is synchronized and distributed across different locations and workstations.

The model merge (MERGE) module combines two network models automatically while resolving conflicts and requiring minimal user input. It preserves simulation model consistency, allows users to configure the merge process and highlights changes directly in the network graphic.

The network reduction (NR) module simplifies network models by replacing selected network areas with equivalent elements while maintaining accurate simulation results. It supports load flow and short-circuit reference data, applies Ward-based reduction methods and allows flexible area selection using graphical tools, element groups or reduction files.

The electrical line and cable parameter calculation (LEIKA) module calculates electrical parameters for overhead lines and cables using geometric layouts and material properties. It supports complex conductor arrangements, multi-voltage systems, shielded cables and high-frequency analysis, providing input data for power flow, short-circuit and dynamic simulations.

The graphical model builder (GMB) module enables users to create custom dynamic models using an intuitive block-based interface integrated into the PSS®NETOMAC engine. It supports predefined templates, user-defined code, external DLL integration, runtime signal output and built-in model testing and validation tools.

The DLL model interface (DLL) module extends simulation capabilities by allowing integration of external dynamic subsystems as compiled DLLs. It supports standardized IEC interfaces and enables use across multiple calculation methods, including load flow, stability and electromagnetic transient simulations.

The dynamic model library (DML) provides predefined models for network elements, control systems, loads, distributed energy resources and inverter-based technologies. It includes standard machine controls, FACTS devices, renewable generation models and user-extensible templates for advanced system simulations.

The eigenvalue/modal analysis (EVA) module performs advanced modal analysis to evaluate interactions between system components, with a focus on electromechanical oscillations and controller behavior. It combines dynamic stability models with efficient calculation methods to provide a comprehensive assessment of system oscillation characteristics.

The torsional analysis (TOR) module extends machine models by representing drive shafts to assess turbine and excitation effects. It helps evaluate mechanical stress from subsynchronous resonance and interaction and analyze related electromagnetic effects.

The frequency domain and resonances (FRD) module analyzes passive and active system behavior in the frequency domain to identify resonance risks. It uses validated dynamic models and linearization methods to support filter sizing and resonance mitigation.

The identification and optimization (OPT) module identifies system parameters from measured data and determines optimal settings for network elements, dynamic equipment and control models. It supports optimization across power flow, stability, transient, frequency response and eigenvalue analyses.