White papers for protection and automation

This paper explores the benefit of digital substations with process bus over a conventional substation without process bus.

The paper provides a comparative review of the IEC 61850-9-2 and IEC 61869-9 standards, critical in the design and implementation of process bus technology.

This paper aims to discuss the implementation of IEC-61869 technology in utility substations to consolidate field measurements and transmit them to a centralized protection relay.

This paper discusses the Current Waveform Analysis (CWA) algorithm introduced for transformer differential applications.

The Point-on-Wave switching function is used to reduce increased electrodynamic and dielectric loads which are caused by non-optimal switching of circuit breakers in the network.

This paper presents a sampling frequency tracking principle that is effective from 10 Hz to 90 Hz.

The paper introduces impedance-based protection (21C) as a potential improvement over traditional voltage differential protection (87V) for shunt capacitor banks.